Both state and federal agencies state that buckets cannot serve as a direct enforcement mechanism. They cite problems with meeting chain-of-custody requirements, divergence from approved sampling methods, the use of the Tedlar bag (not approved by state or federal agencies), and uncertainties regarding the inerpretation of results from limited sampling frames (3-minute versus 8-or 24-hour standards). However, while the bucket method is not approved, it has been successful in prompting more monitoing from both industry and government agencies. Bucket brigades often meet their objectives within a campaign. They often raise awareness of community members and the broader public about toxic emissions from industry. The brigades suport community organizing by finding "proof" of toxic emissions. The bucket data has won specific demands such as reduced pollution, improved health services, increased monitoring, and residential relocation. The buckets also force a new dialogue among industry, government, and community members on pollution issues. The bucket samplers move local residents from victims to agents of change. In the five different cases, communities have been able to use the bucket data as the centerpiece to reinvigorate a campaign for relocation. Communities have been able to pressure industry and governemnt for increased air monitoring. And perhaps most importantly, the buckets are a way for impacted communities to speak directly with firms and regulators, giving community members a seat at the negotiating table. Many factors are responsible for the increase in enforcement actions around air emissions. The bucket brigade does not ensure increased enforcement of air regulations. However, it can act as one piece among many (dramatic increases in pollution episodes, trends in agecy enforcement, and insider whistleblowers) to spur improved regulation of toxic air emissions. The bucket brigades function like a sophisticated neighborhood watch program. The brigade can track local "crimes" and nuisances, and then monitor police responses while working to encourage the state to investigate incidences. Communities want a say in defining the underlying problems of the industrial process, and they want state agencies to prevent future pollution episodes. Bucket brigades help build and often highlight the ability and capacity of communities in environmental policing. The experiences of coordinating bucket brigades has shown that communities are adept at cross-referencing data, isolating the responsible parties, and formulating agendas and broad campaign for social change. | 
